Week 1, Apr 2024: The Complexities of Drug Approvals
Biointron2024-04-02Read time: 4 mins
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024277
The development and approval of novel antibody drugs represent a significant segment of pharmaceutical innovation, addressing a wide range of diseases from cancer to autoimmune disorders. Since the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug was approved in 1986, there has been explosive growth in this area. By 2021, the US FDA had approved its 100th mAb product, with mAbs now accounting for nearly a fifth of the agency’s new drug approvals each year.
Just this past week, two novel antibody-based drugs gained approval. Astellas Pharma's Vyloy (zolbetuximab) is a monoclonal antibody, developed as a treatment for patients with CLDN18.2 positive, unresectable, advanced or recurrent gastric cancer. Approved by Japan, it is the first and only CLDN18.2-targeted therapy approved in the world. Meanwhile, Merck's Winrevair (sotatercept), is a recombinant fusion protein made up of the extracellular domain of activin receptor type IIA linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1. Granted FDA approval, the novel drug will treat adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) to increase exercise capacity, improve WHO functional class, and reduce the risk of clinical worsening events.
The journey to approval for novel drugs, including antibody therapies, is very complex. There are multiple steps towards clinical trials in addition to stringent regulatory reviews that assess the safety and efficacy of these therapies. The regulatory landscape requires a delicate balance between innovation and patient safety, often extending the time from discovery to market availability. Moreover, the high cost of drug development, along with the need for substantial evidence to demonstrate clinical benefit, adds layers of complexity to bringing new antibody drugs to patients.
On March 1, the FDA published a new guide for recommendations to assist industry and other parties involved in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). It details the FDA’s current thinking regarding clinical pharmacology considerations, bioanalytical methods, dosing strategies, dose- and exposure-response analysis, intrinsic factors, QTc assessments, immunogenicity, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs).
In addition, a revised draft guidance for drug development for early Alzheimer’s disease was published by the FDA on March 12, representing their current thinking regarding the selection of subjects with early AD for enrollment in clinical trials and the selection of endpoints for clinical trials in this population. These guides are extremely helpful in directing pharmaceutical companies towards eventual drug approval.
However, the COVID-19 pandemic brought about a remarkable acceleration in vaccine and therapeutic development, showcasing the potential for rapid clinical trials and approvals. This experience has ignited hopes for a more streamlined approach to drug development and regulatory review, potentially benefiting the approval process for antibody drugs. The ability to fast-track clinical trials, without compromising on safety or efficacy, could revolutionize the way new treatments are brought to the market, especially for diseases with unmet medical needs.
This report aims to explore the events and trends of the biopharmaceutical industry in Q2 (April, May, June). Besides crovalimab and Vyloy, two more novel antibody drugs have been approved this year
These past few weeks, several antibody drug startups have progressed from the pre-seed stage to final funding rounds. In the pre-seed stage, the focus is on early research, often funded by founders, grants, or angel investors. As the company progresses to the seed stage, it seeks additional funding to validate its scientific concept and develop initial prototypes, attracting early-stage venture capital.
In August, the US FDA approved Galderma’s Nemluvio (nemolizumab) for adult patients living with prurigo nodularis (PN). Nemluvio is the first approved monoclonal antibody specifically inhibiting the signaling of IL-31, a neuroimmune cytokine that drives multiple disease mechanisms in (PN). Prurigo nodularis is a chronic skin condition that affects approximately 181,000 patients in the United States
Anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) are immune system proteins that can develop in response to therapeutic drugs, particularly biologics like monoclonal antibodies. These biopharmaceuticals have significantly advanced therapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases, but their long-term use can elicit immunogenicity due to repeated administration. The host immune system may recognize epitopes in the biologic drug as foreign, triggering the production of ADAs. This can lead to the formation of drug–ADA immune complexes, which accelerate drug clearance and potentially neutralize the drug's efficacy.
