Cell culture medium supplies nutrients, growth factors, and environmental regulation to cultivated cells. It supports fundamental cellular processes, including protein synthesis and cell cycle progression, by providing a balanced mix of amino acids, vitamins, salts, and energy sources like glucose. Additionally, it regulates critical factors such as pH and osmotic pressure, ensuring an optimal environment for cell health.
In therapeutic protein production, mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and HEK293 cells are commonly used. These cells often require specialized medium formulations tailored to their unique metabolic and nutritional demands. For instance, CHO cells benefit from media enriched for high protein yields and glycosylation compatibility.
Amino Acids: These building blocks are needed for protein synthesis. For example, glutamine is needed for hybridoma and other mammalian cell lines.
Vitamins: Support cellular enzymatic functions and metabolic pathways.
Inorganic Salts: Help maintain osmotic balance and provide ions for cellular function.
Glucose: A primary energy source driving cellular metabolism.
Serum or Serum Replacements: Provide growth factors, hormones, and attachment factors for adherent cell cultures.
Contamination Risks and Prevention Strategies
Mammalian cell cultures are particularly prone to contamination from bacteria, fungi, yeast, mycoplasma, and viruses. Contaminants can compromise cell health, alter protein quality, and waste valuable resources. Regular testing, aseptic handling techniques, and rigorous cleaning protocols for incubators and other equipment are vital to maintaining sterile cultures, in addition to quarantine practices for newly acquired cell lines.
For industrial-scale monoclonal antibody production, consistency between batches involves strict control of environmental variables such as pH, temperature, CO₂ levels, and agitation in suspension cultures. Tools such as bioreactors provide researchers with advanced controls to ensure reproducible growth conditions. Open-air platform shakers are also frequently used to mix, shake, or agitate samples for a controlled and prolonged period. Since they do not have enclosures, it is simple to access vessels on its platform.
Bioreactors for commercial protein production enable precise monitoring and adjustment of culture parameters, leading to improved protein yield and quality. They also facilitate larger batch volumes, addressing bottlenecks in therapeutic protein supply.
