Immunoglobulins, or antibodies, are specialized glycoproteins produced by B cells of the immune system which play a role in recognizing and neutralizing foreign invaders such as pathogens or toxins.

Learn about antibody allotypes, genetic variations in immunoglobulins influencing immune responses. Explore G1m & Km allotypes & their role in immunogenicity & therapeutics.

Explore antibody isotypes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG & IgM), their structural differences, & roles in immune response. Learn why IgG is key for long-term immunity.

Discover the distinctions between ADC biosimilars, cost-effective alternatives to reference drugs, and ADC isotypes, engineered for specific therapeutic properties. Learn their roles in advanced cancer therapies.

Discover antibody functions, classes, and innovations, from monoclonal therapies to diagnostic applications. Learn about immune memory, B cells, and antibody engineering.

Explore IgE antibody functions in allergic reactions, parasitic immunity & autoimmune processes. Learn about anti-IgE therapies like omalizumab for asthma & urticaria.

Learn about IgD antibody roles in B cell activation, mucosal immunity & antimicrobial defense. Explore IgD’s impact on basophil activation & immune surveillance.

Discover the role of IgA antibodies in mucosal immunity & pathogen defense. Learn how IgA1 & IgA2 protect against infections in the gut, lungs & secretions.

Learn about IgM's role as the first antibody in immune response, its structure, diagnostic use, & connection to immune disorders like Hyper-IgM Syndrome.

Discover the role of IgG antibodies in immune defense, neutralization, & placental immunity. Learn about IgG subclasses (IgG1-IgG4) & their unique functions.