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The immune system is essential for protecting the body against harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It works on two primary levels: the innate (general) immune system and the adaptive (specialized) immune system.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have transformed the therapeutic landscape, offering treatments for cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Despite their success, aggregation remains a persistent challenge in their development and formulation. Aggregates not only reduce efficacy but also pose significant safety risks, including immunogenicity and adverse immune responses.

Biologic drugs, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are widely used to treat cancers and chronic diseases such as autoimmune and metabolic disorders. Unlike small-molecule drugs, biologics are large, structurally complex proteins that require parenteral administration due to their instability in the gastrointestinal tract.

The Role of CHO Cells in Antibody ProductionChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells dominate the landscape of therapeutic antibody production, with nearly 90% of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins produced using this system. CHO cells offer a combination of scalability, adaptability, and

Recent advancements in single B cell screening technologies have transformed antibody discovery workflows. Traditional approaches include hybridoma technology and single B cell screening, which remain reliable. However, emergent technologies like LIBRA-seq and NanoPen platforms are improving the efficiency and scalability of antibody discovery processes.

The discovery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for therapeutic and research applications has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology. Two conventional approaches, hybridoma technology and single B cell screening, have historically driven the field, offering distinct strengths and limitations.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) offer the precision of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) combined with the potency of cytotoxic drugs.

Accelerating antibody research requires access to high-quality antibodies and proteins, efficient production timelines, and reliable partnerships. Biointron, a leading Contract Research Organization (CRO) specializing in antibody discovery, expression, and optimization, has become the preferred choi

Antibody specificity refers to an antibody's ability to selectively bind to a unique epitope on a target antigen while avoiding interactions with unrelated antigens. This property arises from the highly specialized antigen-binding site located in the variable region of the antibody, which determines its unique binding characteristics.

Antibody affinity refers to the strength of the binding interaction between a single antigen epitope and the paratope (binding site) of an antibody. This interaction is a fundamental measure of how well an antibody recognizes its specific antigen target.

Recombinant antibodies are produced using genetic engineering techniques, unlike traditional antibody production, where the immune system generates antibodies without direct control over their sequence. By introducing genes encoding antibody fragments into host cells, such as bacteria or mammalian cells, recombinant antibodies can be expressed, purified, and deployed for applications including research, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

Recombinant antibody expression is a biotechnological process that involves engineering and producing antibodies outside their natural context using recombinant DNA technology.